![]() The neurological examination, cranial imaging and ICP measurement can then be considered. These include skull, vertebral and long bone fractures as well as splenic torsions and ruptured bladder and ureters. Once normovolemia and appropriate oxygenation and ventilation are established (see below), the patient should be thoroughly assessed for traumatic injuries. There is no clinical localising value to specific breathing patterns and these patterns may vary over time. ![]() ![]() Hypoxemia exacerbates the development of secondary tissue damage. Neurogenic pulmonary oedema is usually self-limiting if the patient survives, and will resolve in a matter of hours to days, but can cause severe dyspnoea, tachypnea and hypoxemia. The most dramatic respiratory abnormality seen following head injury can be neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPO). Respiratory system dysfunction can be common after head injury. In addition, a minimum essential data-base includes a PCV, total protein level, a blood urea level, glucose and electrolyte levels as well as a urine specific gravity. Hypovolemia and hypoxemia need to be recognised and addressed immediately. It is important not to focus initially on the patient's neurological status as many patients will be in a state of hypovolaemic shock following a head injury, which can exacerbate a depressed mentation. Initial physical assessment of the severely brain-injured patient focuses on imminently life threatening abnormalities. Many dogs and cats can recover from severe brain injuries if systemic and neurological abnormalities that can be treated are identified early enough.Īs with all types of acute injury, the "ABCs" (airway, breathing, cardiovascular status) of emergency care are extremely important. Treatment of affected animals must be immediate if the animal is to recover to a level that is both functional and acceptable to the owner. The appropriate therapy for head trauma patients remains controversial in veterinary medicine due to a lack of objective information on the treatment of dogs and cats with head injuries. Severe head trauma is associated with high mortality in human beings and animals.Although there is no standard of care for head trauma in human medicine, a series of guidelines have been developed centered around maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion (The Brain Trauma Foundation 2000). Books & VINcyclopedia of Diseases (Formerly Associate).VINcyclopedia of Diseases (Formerly Associate).
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